As a result, the rate of gas exchange is reduced. An anatomical shunt develops because the ventilation of the airways does not match the perfusion of the arteries surrounding those airways. Perfusion of the lung is not uniform while standing or sitting, and some of the circulating blood doesn’t make it past the lungs to be oxygenated. Likewise, it takes less energy to pump blood to the bottom of the lung than to the top when in a prone position. When someone is standing or sitting upright, the pleural pressure gradient leads to increased ventilation further down in the lung. The lung is particularly susceptible to changes in the magnitude and direction of gravitational forces. In these spaces, the lungs are ventilated and receiving enough air, but blood is not being oxygenated in that space because the air is not reaching perfused areas. An example of an anatomical shunt is the effect of gravity on the lungs. Anatomical dead space occurs naturally in areas of the lungs that don’t come in contact with alveoli (like the trachea).
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